Project on Cement Essay Example for Free

Undertaking on Cement Essay Any achievement requires the exertion of numerous individuals and this work is the same. I particularly say thanks to Mr. R.K.Gupta; Director of Cii CITMS, whose help and persistence was instrumental in achieving this venture. I might want to thank our Faculty Guide Miss.Pubali Koley whose persevering exertion made this task conceivable. My appreciative affirmation to all the staff individual from Ultra tech Cement restricted for their help and collaboration. Finally again I need to degree my gratitude to all the instructors of Cii CITMS †Durgapur for giving help and certainty for doing this undertaking. [pic] This aspiring task at ULTRATECH CEMENT under the undertaking title â€Å"ADVERTISING AND PROMOTIONAL STRATEGY† has been completed under the capable direction of organization institutional specialists. The vision or the target of this task was to recognize the Advertising needs. As the development is a ceaseless procedure, so it is additionally particularly essential to discover the corners or the zones where the extension for the improvement is available. The adequacy of the Advertising was additionally under the output during this period where it is seen that the viable Advertising can successfully augment deals volume income. This Advertising procedure is additionally compelling to deal with the arranged deals technique. The Advertising procedure at WEST BENGAL CEMENT WORKS is prudently arranged Divided into four sections. This down to earth venture helped a great deal to get the information from all the roads of the Marketing Management it is likewise seen that it will enable the organization to time to time in its development procedure. Presentation T he capacity of Advertising is to close the hole between the longing execution and the genuine activity execution. The requirement for quality Advertising program is on the expansion because of the way that the profoundly serious business condition is hurling new and complex difficulties, actually consistently. New and complex administrations are appearing, in this way pushing up the requirement for top notch Advertising program. Because of the lull in the economy, numerous occupations are appearing, numerous employments slices are occurring prompting a circumstance where works must hold themselves to remain utilized in a similar association or to finish in the commercial center. [pic] †¢ To distinguish significance of Advertising in the association. †¢ To distinguish the particular Advertising territory. †¢ To distinguish the viability of various sorts of promoting. †¢ To recognize the best strategies and methods for publicizing. †¢ The advancement of Advertising and deals advancement plans to meet wanted objectives of association. ââ€" Increase in deals volume ââ€" Maximize benefit ââ€" Developed deals advancement plans [pic] ↠ Because of occupied timetable of the representatives the meeting was very extreme after a very of holding up time. ↠ Most of the officials were excessively occupied, in this way to acquire the ideal exact information there was a need to take the earlier arrangement from them. ↠ half of the example size were not giving the right criticism (because of differed concealed explanation), along these lines there will be change in the result of the examination. ↠ Most of the representatives were not sure about the best possible administration (abuse) of the data gave by them. ↠ They were additionally regularly hesitant in recognizing the required data. [pic] TITLE: â€Å"Advertising limited time strategy† at West Bengal Cement† Works.† Exploration philosophy is the strategy through which the venture has been finished. This incorporates different wellsprings of gathering information. TARGET GROUP: The objective gathering for the review was Managers, Officers, Supervisors and of â€Å"ULTRA TECH CEMENT LIMITED† and official statements. Test SIZE: Out of 38 workers, 35 were taken as an example for the overview Poll The organization is having modest number of staff. In this way, the survey was made predominantly for Managers, Officers and Supervisors. Some particular inquiries have been readied identifying with the subject and have been examined so that it can satisfy the goal of the task. FORMAL INTERVIEW: Formal meeting has been taken during the non top office hour. [pic] [pic] UltraTech [pic] OUR VISION TO BE PREMIUM GLOBAL CONGLOMERATE WITH A CLEAR FOCUS ON EACH BUSINESS OUR MISSION TO DELIVER SUPERIOR VALUE TO OUR CUSTOMER SHAREHOLDERS, EMPLOYEES AND SOCIETY AT LARGE OUR VALUES Trustworthiness, COMMITEMENT, PASSION SEAMLESSNESS AND SPEED UltraTech [pic] West Bengal Cement Works OUR RESOLUTIONS †2009 †¢ ‘ZERO’ BREAK DOWN †¢ GOOD HOUSE KEEPING †¢ TRUST AND SUPPORT R.B.SINGH Sr.dy.general director Organization PROFILE Organization Name:UltraTech Cement Limited (An Aditya Birla gathering of organization) Industry : Cement producing Kind of Company: Public Limited Company Unit Name Address:West Bengal Cement Works Close EPIP, MUCHIPARA, G.T. Street Post-Rajbandh Durgapur-713212 District-Burdwan West Bengal Enrolled Office : UltraTech Cement Limited B-Wing, Ahura focus, second floor Mahakali Caves Road Andheri (east), Mumbai-400093 Leading body of Executives †¢ Mr. Kumar Mangalam Birla, Chairman †¢ Mrs. Rajashree Birla †¢ Mr. R. C. Bhargava †¢ Mr. G. M. Dave †¢ Mr. N. J. Jhaveri †¢ Mr. S. B. Mathur †¢ Mr. V. T. Moorthy †¢ Mr. O. P. Puranmalka †¢ Mr. S. Rajgopal †¢ Mr. D. D. Rathi †¢ Mr. S. Misra, Managing Director Top managerial staff Official President Chief Financial Officer Mr. K. C. Birla Head Manufacturing Officer R.K. Shah Head Marketing Officer Mr. O. P. Puranmalka Organization Secretary Mr. S. K. Chatterjee AT THE HELM ULTRATECH The Aditya Birla Management Corporation Private Limited is the Groups pinnacle dynamic body and gives key course to Group organizations. Its Board of Directors involves: †¢ Mr. Kumar Mangalam Birla, Chairman †¢ Mr. S. Aga †¢ Mr. D. Bhattacharya †¢ Mr. S. K. Jain †¢ Dr. S. Misra †¢ Mr. S. Misra †¢ Dr. B. K. Singh †¢ Mr. K. K. Maheshwari †¢ Mr. Vikram Rao †¢ Mr. Ajay Srinivasan Achievements [pic] 2009 †¢ Grasims mash and fiber division has won the profoundly renowned Asian CSR Award. The Asian CSR Awards, Asias Premier CSR Awards program, is an undertaking of the Asian Institute of Management, Manila. †¢ The Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare, Government of Thailand will be given â€Å"The Best Labor Relations and Welfare Award, 2009† on Indo Thai Synthetic Company Limited. †¢ Birla Sun Life Mutual Fund has been named The Asset Management Company of the Year, India, by the Hong Kong based magazine, The Asset, in the nation grants classification of their Triple an Investment Performance Awards 2009. †¢ CNBC TV18 Crisil perceived Birla Sun Life Mutual Fund as The Mutual Fund House of the Year in 2008 and 2009 (for 2007 and 2008), making history as the main reserve house to have won this acknowledgment in two back to back years. †¢ The Birla Sun Life Equity-Linked FMP won the Best Local Currency Organized Product-India at Triple an Investment Performance Awards 2009. †¢ The Best Onshore Fund House India Award by Asian Investor, a Hong Kong based magazine at Asian Investor Investment Performance Awards 2009†. †¢ Rajiv Gandhi Award for Eminence in Social Field, 2009 was presented on Mrs. Rajashree Birla by Mr. Jyotiraditya Scandia (Union Minister of State, Commerce Industry) on 19 August 2009. The honor perceives Mrs. Birlas way breaking work among poor people, all the more so in Indias towns, brought out through the Aditya Birla Center for Community Initiatives and Rural Development. †¢ Idea Cellular successes the Economic Times Emerging Company of the Year Award for 2009. Achievements [pic] 2008 †¢ The President of India, Mrs. Pratibha Patil gave the much pined for Rotary International Polio Eradication Champion Award on Mrs. Rajashree Birla in an exquisite capacity at the Rashtrapati Bhavan (Delhi), went to by the Chairman, select Rotarians and WHO authorities. †¢ The Aditya Birla Group was respected with the India Today Groups Readers Digest Gold honor in acknowledgment of the work that really represents the most elevated estimations of society just as those of Readers Digest. The honor was gotten by Mrs. Rajashree Birla, Chairperson, and Aditya Birla Center for Community Initiatives and Rural Development, at the Pegasus Corporate Social Responsibility Awards 2007 capacity. Achievements [pic] 2007 †¢ Hindalco in a joint endeavor with Alex USA Inc. Tran Works Information Services declares accomplishment of offer to secure Minacs Worldwide. †¢ Grasim Industries Limited, India; Thai Rayon Public Company Limited, Thailand and P.T. Indo Bharat Rayon, Indonesia structure a JV with Hubei Jingo Wei Chemical Fiber Company, China, for VSF. †¢ Hindalco granted the Genentech Safety Silver Award for its exceptional wellbeing execution during 2005-06 †¢ Hindalco granted the CII Sorabji Green Business Center National Award for Excellence in Water Management 2007. [pic] 2006 †¢ Indian Rayon re-dedicated as Aditya Birla Novo. †¢ Aditya Birla Group to set up a world-class aluminum venture in Orissa. †¢ The Aditya Birla Group consents to a structure arrangement to gain St Anne Nackawic Pulp Mill, Canada. †¢ Board reconstituted with Mr. Kumar Mangalam Birla taking over as Chairman. †¢ Completion of the execution procedure to demerge the concrete business of LT and culmination of open proposal by Grasim, with the last obtaining controlling stake in the recently framed organization UltraTech. †¢ Grasim, Nada, got the FICCI Annual Award 2003-2004 in acknowledgment of corporate activity in provincial turn of events. Achievements [pic] 2005 †¢ Mr. Kumar Mangalam Birla, Chairman of the Group, is chosen as Business

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 133

Task Example Notwithstanding, it merits watching the way that regardless of the emergency, for the Neo-Classics, they reacted through protecting their position and even clarified that the emergency was an affirmation of their view. It is justifiable that the disunity among market analysts become progressively articulated after the monetary and the budgetary emergency for the most part because of the likeness of the ongoing money related emergency to the extraordinary sadness of 1930s in both strategy direction and on principle issues. During the standard approach issue of the 1930s was joblessness which was then followed to rigidities which forestalled the free working of the entrepreneur framework and it was then established that the significant unbending nature was hindrance too the descending development of wages, making the emergency a matter of certainty which couldn't discover fix either on financial or fiscal extension. Taking a gander at the present emergency, it is apparent that the emergency was activated by the breakdown in the financial framework which was a major reminder for the Neo-traditional standard market analysts as it was an away from of sick groundwork for the emergency attributable to the brush off stretched out to the monetary division. Be that as it may, then again, the New Keynesians and the New Institutional Economists were given the primary chance to utilize the utilization of financial and fiscal extension to end the withdrawal of the money related part. Along these lines, hypothetically, in actuality, neither financial matters nor the unique part of monetary history is skilled can do its work completely without assistance from the neo-traditional hypothesis. The last quarter a century has seen the economy-natural powerful become subject to the idea of the earth and people. The most recent decade has seen an expansion in disturbing maltreatment of and applying of over the top weight on nature coming about into a demolition on an amazing scale most outstandingly in the creating nations. The majority of these occasions have

Complete Coverage for Top 100 Definition Essay Topics

Complete Coverage for Top 100 Definition Essay Topics As a college student, the journey to writing a definition essay starts with selecting the right topics for your definition essays. This article is going to show you how to choose the best and most interesting definition topics for your assignments. I am also going to share with you some of the best and most interesting definition topics. Why is it hard to choose topic for definition essay? Before we look at the some of the reasons why some students find it hard to choose a definition essay topic, we shall look briefly at the meaning of definition essay writing. In short, a definition essay is simply an essay that explains the meaning of a term or an object. One of the reasons why it becomes challenging to choose an essay topic in this area of essay writing is the abstract nature of some objects and realities that need definition. Some items have a clear meaning that commands a universal acceptance while others have a controversial and abstract meaning which further complicates the ease of defining them. For instance, it is a bit tricky to define emotive terms such as love or power than it is to define an object such as food or chair. Another reason why students have difficulty choosing a topic for a definition essay is the lack of understanding of how to present the definitions themselves. That is why it is necessary to understand the three fundamental steps of effective definition. You need to let your definition do the following: ? Tell your readers what you are defining ? Put forward clear and primary information ? Utilize examples and stories that your readers can easily relate to The third reason why most students find it difficult to select definition-based essay topics is their inability to understand and use effectively the various ways of defining issues. Some of the ways of defining things are: ? Definition by functionality where you define an object based on what the thing does or how it functions ? Definition by structure where you define things based on their organization or assembly ? Definition by analyzing something and pointing out the differences between it and other things. ? Defining by what something does not mean. This reverse kind of technique creates a clear distinction between an object and other objects With the above understanding in mind, you are better placed to proceed to the next section and look at the 100 best definition essay topics. List of definition essay topics Here is a list of the best and most interesting 100 definition essay topics. 1. Laziness 2. Success 3. Marriage 4. Family planning 5. Real estate 6. Bad attitude 7. Love 8. Religion 9. Christianity 10. Endurance 11. Science fiction 12. Research 13. Respect 14. Public relations 15. Office automation 16. Loyalty 17. Fashion design 18. Privacy 19. Fear 20. Local tourism 21. Male chauvinism 22. Feminism 23. Internal beauty 24. Industrialization 25. Self-control 26. Corruption 27. Racism 28. Communism 29. Capitalism 30. Peer pressure 31. Juvenile delinquency 32. Terrorism 33. Extremism 34. E-commerce 35. Christianity 36. Buddhism 37. Psychology 38. Sociology 39. Contemporary art 40. Agriculture 41. Healthy living 42. Vegetarianism 43. Dictatorship 44. Democracy 45. Surrealism 46. Personal discipline 47. Alcoholism 48. Drug addiction 49. Autism 50. Corporate social responsibility 51. Management 52. Economy 53. Micro-economics 54. Macro-economics 55. Poverty 56. Astronomy 57. Government bureaucracy 58. Persistence 59. Good parenting 60. Personality disorder 61. Liberalism 62. Emotional maturity 63. Environmental conservation 64. Effective Leadership 65. Pride 66. Civil rights 67. Racial segregation 68. Mutual trust 69. Depression 70. Obsessive compulsive disorder 71. Religious intolerance 72. Self-confidence 73. Happiness 74. Martial Arts 75. Professional ethics 76. Domestic violence 77. Animal 78. Faithfulness 79. Comedy 80. Peace of mind 81. Self-Respect 82. Right to privacy 83. Right to life 84. Human rights 85. Animal rights 86. Parental responsibility 87. Conjugal rights 88. The American Dream 89. True love 90. Political survival 91. International relations 92. Management skills 93. Selfish ambition 94. Courage 95. Personal development 96. Moral responsibility 97. African history 98. Industrial revolution 99. Common sense 100. Artificial intelligence Definition essays are a common form of assignment for all college students. One of the things that you need to write an effective and conclusive definition paper is choosing an appropriate topic for that essay. However, the selection of a topic is a challenge to some students. This article has shown you the reasons behind the challenges student face when selecting interesting definition topics. I have also shown you how to overcome them so that you can enhance your ability to define things with accuracy. Additionally, the post has shared with you some of the most interesting topics for definition-based essay writing. You are now abreast with the facts, and the ball is in your court to apply everything we have discussed.

Obesity And Its Effects On Children - 1558 Words

Obesity is one of the several major public health issues that researchers attempt to find interventions for. Prevalence of obesity has been increasing throughout the years, especially in children. If prevalence and incidence of obesity continues to increase in children, long term illnesses start producing, which can hinder an individual’s life span. In addition to chronic illnesses being produced, obesity can also hinder the social and psychological wellbeing. As children are growing with obesity, they are experiencing the negative effects of their social life and psychological self, which can create chronic illnesses and prevent them from growing as an individual. There have been many interventions targeting obesity and its negative†¦show more content†¦Liquor stores do not provide all the essential food required to have a healthy diet, so Hispanic immigrants are forced to purchase the only food nearest to them. Even though the study was conducted on the Hispanic immigrant community, the generalizability of other cultures are unknown, but other cultures who reside with other Hispanic immigrant communities could possibly have the same environmental and social factors that cause obesity. This study also explains the parent’s perception of their children’s weight, which majority of parents said their children do not have the weight for obesity, when in reality, they are obese. The parent’s weight were also taken and results showed they have obesity as well. There must be a correlation between the obesity of the children and their parents, so this problem can be intervened with a program educating the parents about t he signs of obesity and how to maintain health. If parents learn about obesity and maintaining health, then they can implement that in their own lives in addition to supervising what their children eat and how much physical activity they engage in a day. As the world has been advancing in technology, so has more electronics have been manufactured for entertainment, which has made a huge impact in childhood obesity. Many children are finding electronics more entertaining than going out withShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Obesity On Children And Children1381 Words   |  6 Pagesaround. The children would regularly play all day long without being asked; however, nowadays the young children aren t playing enough themselves and the children need their peers to tell them to go play outside. The peers would need need to promote the children with resources to keep them moving. As a matter of fact, the lack of exercise is a major problem, and it is increasing each year; especially, the rate of disease that were found in young adults can now be found in young children because ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Obesity On Children s Obesity Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesChild Obesity Having obese children is a problem. The question resumes, why? Are children less active? Are they not eating the right things? Or are they a product of their parents lifestyle? Whatever the answer maybe, we must find it quick. Obesity in children Is becoming an epidemic. And the African American population is leading the way. According to WE Can!, a program of the National Institutes of health 31.7 percent of children between the age of 2-19 years old are overweight or obese. IncludingRead MoreEffects Of Obesity On Children s Children1384 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper: Effects of Obesity in Children â€Å"From small fries to BIG MAC’s† America, home of the brave, land of the free and plagued with obesity. For many years this country has fallen victim to obesity and the many effects that it has as a direct result. America has become the fattest nation in the world even though it is more advanced than most countries. We as Americans tend to consume whatever we want whenever we want and this has begun to affect our future. The children of America haveRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Children1500 Words   |  6 PagesObesity can affect everyone and anyone and affecting nearly 25% of all North American children. It can affect one during childhood or adulthood and sometimes their whole lives if their illness is never treated during childhood. Childhood obesity has tripled in the past 30 years. In 1980, the obesity rate of 6-11 year olds was 6.5%, in 2008 had tripled to 19.6%. For toddlers and preschoolers aged 2-5, the obesity levels have risen from 5% to 12.4% in the same amount of time. (Spark, 2010). ChildrenRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Children1011 Words   |  5 Pages 1. Obesity and overweight [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; [updated 2009; cited 2009 Jun 26]. Available from: http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/obesity/en/print.html 2. Jolliffe D. Extent of overweight among US children and adolescents from 1971 to 2000. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28:4–9. [PubMed] 3. Lobstein T, Frelut ML. Prevalence of overweight among children in Europe. Obes Rev. 2003;4:195–200 [PubMed] 4. Wang Y, Monteiro C, Popkin BM. Trends of obesity and underweightRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Children1702 Words   |  7 Pagesthe goal is to understand why educational implications of this topic. Understanding the role sugar has in adhd is important because it gives caregivers, teachers and researchers, ways of approaching children with this disorder and helps them to develop a better system of handling them so that children are benefited. Furthermore, it helps to understand the impact of diet on adhd. Maladaptive behavior such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common in adolescents and can continueRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Children1643 Words   |  7 PagesObesity costs Canada billions of dollars in health care per year (Tran, Ohinmaa, Kuhle, Johnson, Veugelers, 2014). Obesity impacts individual’s ability to participate in and contribute to society fully due to the psychological and physical consequences, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and some types of cancers (Tran et al., 2014). Risk factors for obesity include poor eating habits and a sedentary lifestyle (Tran et al., 2014). In an Alberta based study looking at the impact ofRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Children1006 Words   |  5 PagesOne in three children in American is overweight. Over consumption of fatty foods combined with a lack of exercise brings on problems that are to be best avoided. Obesity in children can cause issues such as restricting regular bo dily movement, all the way to heightened risk of death from stroke or diabetes. Stroke, the third leading cause of death in the U.S (Stroke Statistics) as well as diabetes, affecting 29.1 million people, (Diabetes Statistics Report) are problems that need to be addressedRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children1188 Words   |  5 Pagesbehaviors adopted by children affect their mental and physical health. Studies have shown that there is a link between what children see in advertisements and the lifestyle choices they make. Studies also showed that children who viewed advertisements showing healthy eating were more likely to engage in healthy eating habits (Carter and Maria). There are large amounts of advertisements for foods and drinks high in fat and sugar. Many studies show that there is a link between childhood obesity and advertisingRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effect On Children1273 Words   |  6 Pagesincline, childhood obesity is one of the most import ant issue. Often times, parents are willing to do anything for their child with the idea that it is â€Å"healthy.† When they figure out that not everything is healthy, some even take efforts to sue the company. Parents do not realize the underlying factors that cause this type of obesity. Childhood obesity can be a result of many factors in this upcoming society. Many consider genetics and hormonal development as a proof for childhood obesity. However, that

Outrageous Do Custom Term Paper Tips

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Healthsouth Fraud Free Essays

HealthSouth Fraud Case Review Michelle F. White June 6, 2012 HPA 726 Intro to HealthSouth Fraud Case Review In 2003, HealthSouth was accused of one the largest accounting fraud cases in healthcare history and those involved are still being tried today, nine years later. HealthSouth was founded in Birmingham, Alabama in the year 1984 by a respiratory therapist name Richard Scrushy. We will write a custom essay sample on Healthsouth Fraud or any similar topic only for you Order Now By the year 1999, HealthSouth had grown to house 230 surgical centers, 120 inpatient hospitals, 5 medical centers, 129 diagnostic centers and 1379 outpatient rehab centers and was worth an estimated billion dollars. It was revealed that HealthSouth started their downward spiral in the year 2002, which paralleled the timeframe that Scrushy sold of ~ $100,000 in HealthSouth Stock Options. Within the following 6 plus months to follow, the FBI announced allegations against HealthSouth and opened a criminal investigation for probable SEC violations. The FBI investigation initially uncovered wrong doings from the years 1999-2002 where Scrushy had overstated his salary 1 million + dollars to meet expectations of shareholders and Wallstreet. Unfortunately, this was just the beginning, and as forensic accountants dug deeper, the FBI soon found that HealthSouth’s corporate accountants were adjusting entries to offset liabilities, reduce expense accounts and state elevated salaries to balance their bookkeeping. It was reported ~$373 million dollars of cash on the books was fictitious. It was eventually revealed that all four Accounting Statements were incorrect and that much of the inflated numbers were modifications made to the contractual adjustments and agreements; which in turn, made it fairly easy to hide from outside auditors. The outside auditing firm used by HealthSouth was Ernest and Young, LLP. Ernest Young, LLP not only was hired as outside auditor, but they were also hired as the consulting firm for Healthsouth throughout the fiscal year. Such arrangements are illegal today secondary to the new guidelines implemented during the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. To further put it into perspective, you must take into account that it has been reported that Ernest Young, LLP earned 3. 6 million dollars for their auditing services at HealthSouth, yet they did not uncover the fraud. Does that create a question to you? The Fraud was uncovered by Forensic Accountants from Pricewater-HouseCoopers who were brought in 2004 by the FBI. Pricewater-HouseCooper were accountable for finding the 1. billion dollar financial reporting discrepancy. Today, nine years later Ernest Young is still under the microscope as the judicial system continues to wade through this fraud case. In Regards to prosecutions, thus far 15 employees pled guilty and Scrushy was brought up on 85 counts of criminal charges, still serving his 7 year sentence today. The consequences to HealthSouth Investors were devasting starting in 2002 upon the start of the investi gation and the removal of CEO Richard Scrushy. (reference chart below)*1 In March 2003, the NYSE stripped HealthSouth of their SP 500 rating and stock values continued to drop from $19. 55 to $. 60 by the end of the investigation. In addition, HealthSouth’s assets and loans were frozen and JP Morgan chase used the assets to pay its bondholders $350 million plus interest. Other companies that share the HealthSouth’s industry vertical were also affected by this fraud case; thus many losing stock value overnight. One of the financial metrics specifically that was a red flag fell under the earnings category. For ten years, reported earnings did not fluctuate and stayed a constant. The goal of a public company is to have a steady rise in earnings versus jagged or flat line earning curve. I question as to why investors did not pick up on the flat line earning curve in addition to EY’s Auditors? Although I do realize hindsight is 20/20 and if my income was continuously increasing, I would most likely not spend much time scrutinizing the Operations Statement. Here are statistics pulled from Hoovers(*2) that provide a visual reference to the Fraud and its trend: Historical Financials Employees Year | Revenue ($ mil. ) | Net Income ($ mil. ) | Net Profit Margin | Employees | Dec 2005 | 3,207. 7 | (445. 9) | — | 24,000 | Dec 2004 | 3,753. 8 | (174. 5) | — | 40,000 | Dec 2003 | 3,957. 6 | (434. 6) | — | 40,000 | Dec 2002 | 3,960. 1 | (466. 8) | — | 51,000 | Dec 2001 | 4,380. 5 | 202. 4 | 4. 6% | 51,537 | Dec 2000 | 4,195. 1 | 278. 5 | 6. 6% | 53,216 | Dec 1999 | 4,072. 1 | 76. 5 | 1. 9% | 51,260 | Dec 1998 | 4,006. 1 | 46. 5 | 1. 2% | 51,901 | Dec 1997 | 3,017. 3 | 330. 6 | 11. 0% | 56,281 | Dec 1996 | 2,436. 5 | 220. | 9. 1% | 36,410 | Dec 1995 | 1,556. 7 | 78. 9 | 5. 1% | 26,427 | Due to acts of fraud like that committed by HealthSouth and Enron (along with several others), the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was implemented by the SEC. Although there are pages of guidelines and rules; some of the key points of focus of the SOX ACT 2002 include: 1. It prohibits onsite Consultants 2. Every 5 years firms must change Audi tors 3. External Auditors must certify internal audit controls 4. CEO’s, CFO’s and Officers must sign audits holding them accountable with legal obligation 5. Real Time Disclosure of entries 6. Whistle Blower protection 7. Criminal Penalties for altering entries In Conclusion, HealthSouth’s fraud brought many weaknesses in the previous healthcare accounting methods to light. While many fraudulent participants are paying for their criminal mistakes and wrong doings, there is still a need for additional regulation. Due to the events in the late 90’s and early 2000’s we now have tighter regulations and penalty systems in place to address fraud in all public corporations. References (*1) Bernet, Patrick Michael and Getzen, Thomas E. The Company You Keep: Spreading Effects of Financial Fraud on Investor Trust. Journal of Health Care Finance 29 (2003): 17–28. * * (*2) Source: Hoover’s Inc. http://premium. hoovers. com. HeathSouth Corporation-Historical Financials and Employees * Appendix Each Appendix appears on its own page. Footnotes 1Complete APA style formatting information may be found in the Publication Manual. Table 1 Type the table text here in italics; start a new page for each table [Insert table here] Figure Captions Figure 1. Caption of figure [Figures – note that this page does not have the manuscript header and page number] How to cite Healthsouth Fraud, Essay examples

Running on Empty Essay Example

Running on Empty Essay Karen Johnson Opinion Paper Running on Empty The title of the book written by Peter Peterson Running on Empty describes the financial crisis in the United States. Peter Peterson has written other books about government and politics and has also had hands on experience in this field. Peterson is saying our country is in a crisis and totally in debt. Peterson’s experience in political matters makes it possible for him to call out mistakes made by both parties and to present nonpartisan solutions. Mr. Peterson has served as Secretary of Commerce and has served as a former chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank in New York. He also was one of the founders of the Concord Coalition in 1992. This was created in an effort to demand fiscal responsibility among the leaders of both parties in Washington. Peterson is a Republican, but he explains how both parties have been equally irresponsible. His book explains how the conservative and liberal parties caused this issue and what can be done to rebuild our future. I believe that the Democratic Party really honestly cares about all people being healthy and happy. However, they could help the financial crisis by reducing some of the social programs they have created to help people in our society. We will write a custom essay sample on Running on Empty specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Running on Empty specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Running on Empty specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I think Peterson is correct when he states that not every interest group may not be able to have their own entitlements as it has now. It is possible that some of the burden of taking care of all people could be given back to the people. Our country used to be known for strong families and stronger work habits. However, I’m sure this would be much harder than it sounds because the way families live now compared to the past is so different. Some people have not ever developed the skills needed to take charge of their lives. To make these types of changes Peterson says that we have to hit the very bottom in order to be willing to make changes like this. In the chapter with the title â€Å"Ten Partisan Myths†, Peterson discusses how he thinks the Democrats and Republicans are different. It seemed like he favored the Republicans when he said that â€Å"every American is ‘entitled’ to government largesse†. I think that the American government should keep promises for our well being in order to try to reduce the trust of the American people. They need to stop making promises that they can’t keep. It is my opinion that the Republican Party often promises to make tax cuts to persuade the American people to vote for them. Like the Democrats, they don’t always keep their promises. Although the Republicans think that it is a good idea to spend huge amounts of tax dollars on military forces and supplies, perhaps they could decrease spending in this area. I don’t think that cutting taxes will help unless there are also huge cuts in spending. I agree with Mr. Peterson that the raise in taxes would have to be increased so much that it would be too much of a burden on the middle class. I also agree with Peterson that price indexing seems to be a easy way to solve this problem especially because it is fair to all and simple to start. Similar programs have been used in other countries with some success. I think both Democrats and Republicans would be in agreement that our country would benefit from less borrowing from other countries, less imports from other countries, having more exports, and being able to have a balanced budget. I think they would also agree that relying on other countries to bail us out of dept is a bad practice. Both parties have been guilty of blaming the other party for these existing concerns. Peterson explains in this book how the founding fathers of our country had strong opinions about creating large public debt and they gave advice that it should not be done. Year after year these problems seem to be ignored and instead both parties are more concerned in an immediate payoff and making their own party look good. When we study history, one of the things that is always stressed when describing America’s success is the fact that the American people had to work together to bring about change. In the past Americans worked together and made the sacrifices that were needed for the country. Each person gave a lot in order to help the whole country. United we win, divided we fall. Maybe the answer to our problems is as simple as repeating the past, pulling together, and making the sacrifices needed in a time of crisis. This reminds me of Kennedy’s famous quote, â€Å"Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country. † I believe that it is necessary for conservatives as well as liberals to make changes in order to have a better government. However, the people who vote should look into the details of the issues rather than being a partisan voter. Both voters and politicians should be more concerned about what is really best for our country instead of what is best for the two political parties or what will get them the most votes. The division of the two parties seems to have grown wider and wider over the years to the point that it has become very easy for each party to place blame for our country’s crisis on the other party. It seems Mr. Peterson may be right when he predicts that politics is not going to change until the situation in our country gets in even worse shape than it is now. I agree with Peterson that the young people of America should take action in the political system. Mr. Peterson is concerned about future generations having to pay so much more in taxes to support a longer period of retirement because people are liver longer. Perhaps this is normal and that each generation has always had to pay more taxes than the generation before them. He suggests raising the retirement age. I do not agree that this is a good solution to that problem, but it may be necessary for that to happen in order to help our financial debt. It’s possible that the idea of having people work more years until they are able to receive retirement might have some consequences that are not easily seen at this time. Maybe doing that could prevent other younger workers from starting their career. We already have the problem of high unemployment. Another idea that Peterson talks about is turning the Social Security system into a needs only based retirement fund where if an individual has enough money saved on their own throughout their working years and don’t need money for retirement, that they would not receive the money they have placed in the Social Security fund. To me this suggestion seems to contradict Peterson’s criticisms of politicians not being responsible for the decisions they make today that will affect the future. With this plan an individual could be irresponsible his whole working life not planning for the future knowing there is a safety net provided by the government in the for of someone else’s hard earned money when it’s time for them to retire. Mr. Peterson seems to offer this idea as a solution which reminds me of what he has accused today’s leaders of doing. He has accused leaders of making decisions today without any thought to the future . Also this idea for a needs only Social Security seems to be a lame solution just to offer a quick fix at the moment. Maybe he thought that writing this book without any solutions would be criticized so he threw out a couple of ideas about Social Security. If this is true then it proves the point that solutions for the future of our younger people in America is harder than it may seem. There are no easy quick solutions. There were other ideas that Peterson discussed that I thought were good a good start to fixing the problems for the future. He encourages young people to get involved in politics more than they ever have been in the past. A key word is â€Å"action†. I agree that we as young people of America must develop an interest in our government and become educated so that we can take the correct actions that will make our future better than it looks like it will be as of today. Peterson encourages us to contact our politicians to address problems and to get involved in our local government elections. He says that it would be a good idea for people my age to plan ahead for their future by having a savings plan with your own income so that we don’t have to rely on the government to have the money to support us during our retirement days. I agree with Mr. Peterson that it is more important than ever to become educated about our government and how it was meant to be for the people. Mr. Peterson has acted today to help us in this education process by creating The Peter G. Peterson Foundation with the goal to increase interest and awareness of government policies. I think that the young people of America can no longer sit by and trust the government to handle their money. The younger voters need to get involved in voting in order to force our leaders to make changes in our government. We generally believe that we will be able to provide our children with the same or somewhat better than our parents were able to provide for us. Unless some changes are made, that may not be true for our generation. I believe Mr. Peterson is correct when he encourages us to work together, get away from partisan attitudes, and help each other in our society. Maybe reading this book and others like it will cause more people my age to vote. It has made a difference in my thinking about the importance of voting. I guess all changes are first started with education on a particular subject. I’m thinking that more of these types of books should be required reading for college students. Peter Peterson may not be able to offer workable solutions as an individual, but this book may provide the motivation needed for our younger generation to elect leaders who can bring about the changes that are needed. The combination of knowledge, responsibility, and action will be necessary to start these changes. Reference Peterson, Peter. Running on empty. New York, NY: Farraf, Straus, amp; Giroux, 2004. Print.

Gerald Millers Processes of Persuasion as Evidenced in Real Life essays

Gerald Millers Processes of Persuasion as Evidenced in Real Life essays In Gerald Millers On Being Persuaded he talks about the definition of being persuaded. He talks about how persuasion is coercive, and how a lot of times coercive acts are usually followed after all the persuading. Coercive acts are acts that are military force, the use of guns, any economic sanctions, or any force that could be used to threatened a persons social or well being. In this paper I will be trying to compare the different techniques and assertions used in Gerald Millers On Being Persuaded to my own experience dealing with the idea of homosexuality. Out of the three techniques I will only be talking about two, and that will be response-changing. This is the process that helps reinforce convictions and the other is the changing process which is like the attitude change. In an earlier paper that I had to write I had to write about what big thing in my life that I had to change my mind or opinion about. In that paper I wrote about my views on homosexuality. I did not agree with homosexuality in any shape, size, or form. In fact I was even a little homophobic. But this all changed when I found out that one of my good friends turned out to be a homosexual. I guess in a sense I had to be persuaded into liking this fact, or actually persuade my mind into accepting the fact that one of my friends was gay. In a way I think had to deal with the whole social part of befriending someone who was a homosexual. In my head I had two sides that were forming. One was should I befriend the gay person and lose respect from those who looked down on it as something negative, or even have people think that I myself is gay just because I am friends with a gay person and hang around them. But still have a cool guy who had my back in situations or always helped me out when I needed him. Or should I ignore my friend who I knew for a good bit and try to appease those who I knew would look dow...

Brief History of the Declaration of Independence

Brief History of the Declaration of Independence Since April 1775, loosely organized groups of American colonists had been fighting British soldiers in an attempt to secure their rights as loyal British subjects. By the summer of 1776, however, a majority of Americans were pushing – and fighting for full independence from Britain. In reality, the Revolutionary War had already begun with the Battles of Lexington and Concord  and the Siege of Boston  in 1775.  The American Continental Congress turned a five-man committee including Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin to pen a formal statement of the colonists’ expectation and demands to be sent to King George III. In Philadelphia on July 4, 1776, Congress formally adopted the Declaration of Independence. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. The Declaration of Independence. The following is a brief chronicle of events leading up to the official adoption of the Declaration of Independence. May 1775 The Second Continental Congress convenes in Philadelphia. A petition for redress of grievances, sent to King George III of England by the First Continental Congress in 1774, remains unanswered. June - July 1775 Congress establishes the Continental Army, a first national monetary currency and a post office to serve the United Colonies. August 1775 King George declares his American subjects to be engaged in open and avowed rebellion against the Crown. The English Parliament passes the American Prohibitory Act, declaring all American sea-going vessels and their cargo the property of England. January 1776 Colonists by the thousands buy copies of Thomas Paines Common Sense, stating the cause of American independence. March 1776 Congress passes the Privateering (piracy) Resolution, allowing colonists to arm vessels in order to cruize [sic] on the enemies of these United Colonies. April 6, 1776 American seaports were opened to trade and cargo from other nations for the first time. May 1776 Germany, through a treaty negotiated with King George, agrees to hire mercenary soldiers to help put down any potential uprising by American colonists. May 10, 1776 Congress passes the Resolution for the Formation of Local Governments, allowing colonists to establish their own local governments. Eight colonies agreed to support American independence. May 15, 1776 The Virginia Convention passes a resolution that the delegates appointed to represent this colony in General Congress be instructed to propose to that respectable body to declare the United Colonies free and independent states. June 7, 1776 Richard Henry Lee, Virginias delegate to the Continental Congress, presents the Lee Resolution reading in part: Resolved: That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved. June 11, 1776 Congress postpones consideration of the Lee Resolution and appoints the Committee of Five to draft a final statement declaring the case for Americas independence. The Committee of Five is composed of: John Adams of Massachusetts, Roger Sherman of Connecticut, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Robert R. Livingston of New York and Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. July 2, 1776 By the votes of 12 of the 13 colonies, with New York not voting, Congress adopts the Lee Resolutions and begins consideration of the Declaration of Independence, written by the Committee of Five. July 4, 1776 Late in the afternoon, church bells ring out over Philadelphia heralding the final adoption of the Declaration of Independence. August 2, 1776 The delegates of the Continental Congress sign the clearly printed or engrossed version of the Declaration. Today Faded but still legible, the Declaration of Independence, along with the Constitution and Bill of Rights, is enshrined for public display in the rotunda of the National Archives and Records Building in Washington, D.C. The priceless documents are stored in an underground vault at night and are constantly monitored for any degradation in their condition.

Adoption of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 as an Important Piece of Term Paper

Adoption of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 as an Important Piece of Legislation - Term Paper Example In the last section the report evaluates the costs and benefits of the changes ushered in by the Sarbanes-Oxley act of 2002. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was drafted by the senator Paul Sarbanes and representative Michael Oxley (SOX-online.com, 2006: Online). The primary objective of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was to protect and safeguard the interests of the investors by assuring transparency, accuracy and reliability of the financial disclosures made by the corporations. It is a mandatory Act and all the large and small US organizations are required to abide by and follow the provisions and requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This Act came into force in the year 2002 and brought in sweeping changes into the area of financial disclosure and corporate governance (Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 2006: Online). The Enhanced Standards Required by Sarbanes-Oxley Act The Sarbanes-Oxley Act not only established new standards of financial accounting and corporate governance but also made provisions f or the apt statutory penalties to be imposed in case of any wrongdoing not allowed for and sanctioned by this act. The Act made the corporate accounting system more transparent and responsible by formalizing and assuring the interaction between corporate auditors and corporate boards and executives . This totally obliterated the possibility of an excuse on the part of top executives in corporations regarding being unaware of the organizational accounting systems and the accompanying disclosures made by the auditors. To put it simply, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act made the top executives like CEOs and CFOs directly responsible for corporate accounting and subsequently culpable in case of any wrongdoing or misreporting in the organization’s financial reporting (US Securities and Exchange Commission 2010: Online). This act clearly specifies the responsibilities associated with the organizational financial accounting. Sarbanes-Oxley Act has also introduced a mechanism of internal contro ls and monitoring to assure the credibility of financial reporting (US Securities and Exchange Commission, 2010: Online). According to this act, the companies are required to tag an internal control report with every financial report (US Securities and Exchange Commission, 2010: Online). The yearly financial reports are also required to report on the reliability and effectiveness of the internal controls (US Securities and Exchange Commission, 2010: Online). Further, the concerned auditing firms are required to stand behind these reports (US Securities and Exchange Commission, 2010: Online). This places the onus on the auditing firms to review the associated procedures, controls and policies, besides conducting the regular financial audit (US Securities and Exchange Commission, 2010: Online). In case a company fails to abide by any requirement or section of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the act allows for a range of penalties for the culprit organization and executives, which include fine s amounting to

Bureaucratization of My Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bureaucratization of My Life - Essay Example Students are people too and their overwhelming academic requirements put pressure on their lives. Some deadlines cannot be met so professors must understand the situation. There are also rules that were written a long time ago which does not fit a dynamic learning environment anymore. Although is a school is a bureaucratic system, it must also be the leader in innovation and change since it leads society towards the future through the learning process.The third characteristic is Impersonality. A bureaucratic system is objective and people assigned to do their duties are impersonal in their attitude. Weber thought this was good so that people can easily perform their routine and stick to the tasks being performed. The school staff assists students regardless if they are academic performers or not. There is no discrimination as the school staff perform their duties by rendering service to all students regardless of race, creed, color or even financial status. Unfortunately, impersonali ty and objectivity have its drawbacks. What I am pointing out is that since a bureaucratic system is impersonal and objective the situation of an individual is overlooked since the rules have to be followed. Regardless if one has been sick and cannot submit on time, the student can be given a failing grade despite the circumstances. In conclusion, bureaucracy is practiced inside PGCC and it has its advantages; however, it also has its disadvantages since a school system is not a perfect organization.

Diagnosis And Treatment Of Haemoglobinopathies Biology Essay

Diagnosis And Treatment Of Haemoglobinopathies Biology Essay Haemoglobinopathy is a genetic inherited disorder. Haemoglobinopaty is associated to geographical distribution disease; it is most common in population of Africa, Middle East, Mediterranean, Asia and Southeast Asia. Haemogloninopathies are subdivided into two main significant genetic diseases thalassaemia and sickle cell disease. Transfusion treatment and bone morrow oar stem cell transplantation therapy use for treatment and management both diseases. But in sickle cell disease (SCD) there are some more treatment used as control the complication of disease such hydroxyurea, and vaccination against some pathogenic disease which are causes infection, and analgesic to relief the pain, and using prophylactic treatment against pneumococcal chest syndrome. Also the patient during the blood transfusion increased the amount of iron which is harmful for many organs in human body particularly the heart muscle tissue. In this case the patient need another therapy is iron chelation such as defer iprone with deferoxamine. The resent study declare that the most curative treatment and is bone marrow transplantation or stem cell transplantation. The most accurate test for haemoglobinopathy is including high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), haemoglobin electrophoresis (EP) and neonatal screening test and DNA parental test. Introduction Haemoglobinopathy is a genetic disease, associated with lack of normal haemoglobin in the red blood cells also the most common monogenic disease in the worldwide. Is inherited defect produce abnormal haemoglobin (Hb) in their structure, Hb playing an important role in red blood cells. This disorder is an autosomal recessive disorder. This disorder related to chronic haemolytic anaemia. (Marie and Fernando 2008) Haemoglobinopaty is geographical distribution disease; is most common in Africa, Middle East, Mediterranean, Asia and Southeast Asia. Also interaction between two genes among this people can causes to number types of thalassaemia disease, three aims for control are homozygous alpha-0 thallassaemia leading to Hb-Bart, homozygous beta-thalassaemia and beta-thalassaemia Hb-E. Hence that is important to detect very quick, immediate and accurate screening for prevention especially those parental are carrying the alpha-0 thalassaemia, beta-thalassaemia and Hb-E. (Fucharoen S et al 2 000) Haemoglobinopathy can spread in the many region of the world because of the mix ethnic and immigration from the countries which are prevalence the disease to non prevalence disease countries. Haemoglobinopathies occurs due to of the haemoglobins reduced their ability to carry the oxygen. This disorder associated to haemoglobin molecule disorder also that is important to understanding the structure and function of haemoglobin. There are two main types of haemoglobinopathy, SCD and thalassaemia can be passed from parental to offspring trough abnormal haemoglobin genes. Individual can be effect with these disorder while they are be inherited with two abnormal haemoglobin one from paternal and the other from maternal. But individual with only one abnormal haemoglobin gene called as carrier or trait, does not shows any clinical symptom and healthier as well. Individuals with haemoglobinopthies are either having clinical symptom of this disease, or if the individuals are carrier, unknown of their trait until screened, but If parent both carrier an abnormal hemoglobin gene there is a chance 25% of their pregnancy that offspring will affected with the clinical symptom of haemoglobinopathy If the maternal affected with haemoglobinopathy, and the paternal only carrier therefore the child 50% can be affected and 50% will carrier. The haemoglobin Hb molecule is a polymer consisting of four identical monomers. Hb molecule consist of two pairs of globins chains, each containing a haem group, every haem have an iron atom which is attached to oxygen in the lung and the haem which is responsible for transporting the oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carrying the carbon dioxide (CO2) from the tissue to lung (Figure 1). For the period of foetus development, the foetal Hb predominate (two alpha chains and two gamma chains). Haemoglobin Hb molecule in adult composed of four globins chains two alpha subunit and two beta subunit. The structure Hb changes within embryonic, fetus and adult. Usually the main haemoglobin in normal adult is HbA, and little quantity of HbA2 and HbF. (Morven W et al 2009) Diagram showing the location of haeme in haemoglobin. Figure 1: shows the structure of haemoglobin (www.sciencelearn.org.nz) accessed 29/01/2011. Classification of heamoglobinopaties: haemoglobinopathy can divided into two main parts (figure -2) Thalassemia Sickle cell disease The name of referred object is cbr27_1p027f2.jpg Fig 2: (Ronald J 2006) Thalassemia Thalassemia is hereditary haemoglobin defect which failure the formation more than one polypeptide chain of haemoglobin protein causes mild or severe anaemia. thalassaemia classified into a few categories and each of them can causes different problems. Thalassamia is quantitative abnormality, frequently associated to chronic haemolytic anaemia, the clinical expression of disease including serious of haemolysis and some type of the disease not shows clinical symptom of the disease. Thalassaemia involved in the class of globins chain and number of defective of globins gene. The offspring with thalassamia at the birth frequently are healthy, the sign and symptom of anaemia appear in between age six month to two years old. Without detection and treatment the most of children in age one year old are death because of severe anaemia and infection. (Weatherall. D and Clegg. J 2001) Some types of thalassaemia initiate with mild condition, but some of them cases serious and life threatening and it cause death. Nearly 5% of the population in the nationwide have been affected with this disease. Foetal Haemoglobin (Hb) is predominantly alpha2 and gama2. In the normal individual the dominating haemoglobin composition is HbA i.e. alpha 2 and beta 2. This implies that the frequent forms of thalassaemia are alpha and beta, each type causes different clinical manifestation. Foetal Haemoglobin (Hb) is predominantly alpha 2 and gamma 2. In the normal individual the dominating haemoglobin composition is HbA i.e. a2b2. This implies that the frequent forms of thalassaemia are alpha and beta. (Fucharoen et al 2007) Alpha thalassemia: Individual with alpha-thalassemia characterised by lack of alpha globin chains. It is prevalence in Africa, Middle East, Asia, south east of Asia, and also Mediterranean area. The alpha-globin gene made up by four genes, found on chromosome 16p13.3 (Figure 4) and including the embryonic zeta-globins gene and two alpha globins genes, usually there are four alpha globins gene, mutation affected on one or more alpha-globins gene causes lack of formation of alpha- globin chain lead to alpha thalassaemia. (Weatherall. D and Clegg. J 2001) The patient with only one unusual alpha globin gene is called alpha thalassaemia carrier. In this case one globin genes defective or missing, and not show any clinical symptom of anaemia, and difficult to diagnosis also known as silent carrier. Normal carrier has an offspring with haemoglobin H (HbH). It is can be to detect by DNA examination. If the individual has missing two of four globin genes call as alpha thalasaemia trait, both abnormal alpha-globin genes can be found on one chromosome or one on each chromosome. The parents both have alpha thalasaemia trait therefore their offspring effective with alpha thalassaemia trait. The patient with this disease has mild anaemia and the red cells are smaller the normal size call microcytosis. And the patient does not show the clinical manifestation. (Leung. W et al 2008) Also if one of the parents has alpha thalassaemia trait and the other one has silent carrier there is 25% chance of their offspring born with HbH. But if the both parent have alpha thalassaemia trait there is 25% chance their offspring inherited with alpha-thalassaemia major. Individual with condition has no chance to live for long term and mostly die in childhood, the reason for that because of lack or defects of the alpha globin chain and causes the severe anaemia and causes health damaging such as spleenomegaly, bone malformation and tiredness. Beta-thalassemia: The beta-thalassaemia is an inherited disease associated with haemoglobin disorder, is congenital anaemia, occur because of lack or reduce formation of beta-globin chain causes reduce the number of red cells or produce unfunctional red cells, most of erythrocyte are failure to mature from the bone marrow that is cause serious anaemia. The beta- globin chain deficit causes the intracellular precipitation and increases of alpha-globin chain, leading to ineffective erythropoiesis and haemolysis anaemia. (Ronald J 2006) Beta-thalassaemia is the most common molecular deficiency as the consequence of point mutation and deletion that effect the transcription and mRNA translation. Infants with homozygous beta-thalassaemia are healthy but after birth as the haemoglobin from fetus replaced to adult haemoglobin the absent of beta-globin causes the serious anaemia. Also the level of anaemia is deference rely on the level of beta-globin deficiency and the formation of fetal haemoglobin. (Lin. Y e t al 2009) The clinical manifestations of beta-thalassaemia including of anaemia shows in the first year of life, also the spleen enlargement resulting from accumulation large amount of destruction os erythrocyte in the spleen, growth of bone marrow because the body compensated the red cells destruction which is leading to abnormal growth the long bones and deformation the skull. Beta-thalassemia is most prevalence in the Asia, and became the main health problem among people. (Weatherall. J 2001) In developing countries the patients with this disease are suffering and death within childhood. The recent study of the national thalassemia register reveals that the patients survive for longer in the UK, half population of patients with beta-thalassemia die under the age of 35 years old. Sickle cell disease (SCD) SCD is genetic defected haemoglobinopathy characterised by stiffen shaped cells which can block blood vessels and caused severe pain, organ damage and infection. Was found at the beginning the twentieth century, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder, it is related to qualitative globin gene defect, and formation of abnormal globin chain, SCD results in morbidity and mortality. There are 500 unusual Hb found but only four of them are common such as HbS (beta 6 glu-val), HbC (beta 6 Glu-Lys), HbD (beta 87 Thr-Lys), HbE (beta 26 Glu-Lys). The disease is characterized by abnormality in shape of RBCs, the cell become sickle-shape which is rigid and stiffen and can leading to obstruction the blood vessels and tissue ischemia, which causes the organ damage. Also this abnormality can cause painful episodes, severe infection and chronic anaemia. SCD is the mutation in the haemoglobin gene and causes sickling the cells, mutation increased in different part of the Hb molecule, SCD can be de tected through infant screening haemoglobin electrophoresis. SCD occur because of mutation on short arm of chromosome 11 (figure-4), this mutation leading to replace the valine to glutamine of the amino acid at the sixth positions of beta-globin chain of HbA, resulting in the production of HbS which is biochemically unstable molecule and it can precipitate at the deoxygenated state. (Hoffbrand. A.V. 2001) chromos Figure- 4 Globin encoding genes are found on chromosome 11 and 16. Figure 3 SCD was the first disease has been described as a molecular disorder in a gene, and it is detected by infant screening program. Its causes reduce lifespan and associated to chronic disease. SCD occur in that part of the world where Plasmodium Palciparum has endemic and then spread because of migration to other part of the world for example north of Europe and United States. SCD is more common in those people are originally came from the Africa, Mediterranean, middle and south of America, Asia and middle east. (Figure 4) SCD occurs due to the newborn inherited the defect haemoglobin gene from parental mother and father HB SS causes severe anaemia, if only one sickle haemoglobin gene from one parent and one normal haemoglobin gene from other parent transfer to infant, therefore the infant become a carrier also known as sickle cell trait. (Marie. J and Ronald. L 2004) Image Reference: Marie. J and Ronald L 2004 Figure 5: Geographical distribution and representation of the sickle gene. (A) Map identifies the three distinct areas in Africa and one in the Arab-India region where the sickle gene is present (dotted lines). Numbers of individuals with sickle-cell disease (red lines) in Senegal, Benin, and Bantu are higher near the coast, and falls concentrically inland. (B) The ÃŽÂ ²-globin gene cluster haplotype is determined by DNA polymorphic sites (boxes) that are identified by endonuclease enzymes. With this information, haplotypes are constructed as shown. The pathophysiologies of CSD rely on the deoxy- HbS. That is association with two alpha globin chains with mutation of 2 beta-globin chains produce HbS. under deoxygenating circumstance, the lack of a polar amino acid at six locations of beta-globin chain lead to aggregation of Hb, which change the RBCs into sickle shape and reduced their elasticity. (Figure 5) The patients with the SCD are often visiting to hospital because of acute pain, and the patient treated by an analgesic to relief the pain, hydration and oxygen supply. The main common of clinical symptom of SCD including anaemia, episode painful, lung infection, infarctions of nervous system and strokes, spleenenlargment because of precipitation of large amount of haemoglobin in spleen, skin ulceration, organ damage, vaso-occlusive, and neurocongenitive dysfunction most common causes morbidity among the patient with this disease. Figure- 5: Normal and sickle red cell morphology SCD is known as chronic inflammatory disease, Diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies: Detection and identification of haemoglobinopathies relay on three stages: Full blood count Special haematological test DNA analysis Full blood account Full blood account is used to detection of haemoglobinopaty specially the thalasaemia, which is the earliest of haematological information. Individual with thalassaemia shows low mean corpuscular volume (MCV) or mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH). Also in other anaemia for example the iron deficiency the MCV is low as well, it is possible this detection will shows the thalassaemia in those region with at high risk ethnic populations. The first step after initial abnormal blood count is to elimination of iron deficiency, to cure it. The blood count test is repeated if the MCV still lower than normal value. The test show most likely is thalassemia. Also the MCV increased because of some condition especially B12 and folic deficiency causes raised the MCV. In some condition the main evidence of thalassaemis disappears due to the MCV is wrongly normal or may be increased. Measuring the MVC is used as early stage test for heamoglobinopathy. Therefore that is very important for diagnosis of thalassaemia this is the HbS carrier, the health professionals who are dealing with those people in which HbS occurs must be including the HbEPG with the demand a full blood count. Also blood film as part of full blood count can be used, it is detected the SCD (HBS) or unstable Hb. in some cases, finding the target cells and stippling in the blood film are not associated with a haemoglobinopathy but it can help as additional finding in case of thalassaemia if the MCV or MCH is lower than reference range. Special haematological test Some of test of haemoglobinopathy technically require skill the team of laboratory, must have knowledge and must be trained to use the laboratoryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s instrument, and obtain an experience in understand the results. More haematological test is requiring especially after detecting the more unusual HbS. Also test the oxygen affinity, stability of haemoglobin and identify the methaemoglobin. Mass spectrometry is used to characterise different mutation of HbS.( 10 )for diagnosis of individual cases is the DNA test. DNA test is the most common haematology test, due to the DNA laboratory must to understand the characterised of alpha and beta globin genes. As DNA technology in haemoglobinopathy based on PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and southern blotting, also the DNA laboratory examination deciding whether there is a point mutations or deletions. Other major source of mistake to deceive the DNA laboratory is the not a success to detection HbH. Not occasionally, a DNA detection used to diagnosis the beta globin gene due to HbH inclusion was not be found, if not mutation in DNA sequencing is detected, at this point the DNA laboratory back to the haematology test to detected the HbH inclusion. Another useful test to diagnosis a thalassaemia and it is because of an alpha and beta globin gene problem in the alpha and beta globin protein fraction. That is requiring to incubation of RBC with radioactive. The peaks indicative of alpha and beta globins are then provide an alpha and beta ratio which must equal one. If the ratio higher than one that is indicates beta thalassaemia, or if the ratio lower than one that is indicates alpha thalassaemia. The alpha and beta ratio is not longer available. That was took place due to DNA testing is became the common test and also alpha and beta ratios are now performed in those laboratory do have insufficient skill. Setting up of this assay needed fresh radioactive material. The alpha and beta ratio may be not useful while the interactions of genes are occurring. DNA testing DNA testing is requiring if the haemoglobinopathy difficult to detect by the haematological test, while it is may be suspected a haemoglobinopathy, but the haematology may not detected which gene has been involved. And the other reason to use DNA testing is the basic alteration been sought in an established haemoglobinopaty. This require as part of parental developed. (Ronald J 2006) DNA test can be used for sickle cell in neonatal by analysing of the DNA of foetal tissue Screening test for thalassaemia and haemoglobinopatphies Usually the basic screening trial all type of thalassaemia depends on the guide of haematology cut- off, which effects on the correct count using an automatic blood cell counter. The patient with MCV values lower than (80 fL), and MCH values lower than (27 pg). Therefore more tests are requiring identifying of (alpha and beta) thalassaemia. (Kanokwan, S et al 2005) But the test needs an expensive an automatic blood cell counting but that is impossible to perform in the laboratory without good facilities. Also that has been proved the osmotic fragility test tube which is containing 0.36% of saline solution could be used as like other option test to detected alpha and beta salassaemia syndrome. (Kamala. R 2008) The recent study indicated that specificity of the osmotic fragility test for detection of (beta and alpha-0) thalassaemia could be improved by reduce concentration of saline solution from 36% to 34%. But the carrier of Hb-E would not be available; in this case cichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP) test has been established for detection of Hb-E in the developing country of Southeast Asia, but this procedure is not suitable for pregnant woman because they have iron deficiency during their pregnancy. Hence the combination osmatic fragility test and DCIP test use for detection alpha,0- thalassaemia, beta thalassaemia and Hb E in pregnant woman tested and compared with other measure screening procedure linked to measure of RBCs indicator. (Kanokwan, S et al 2005) There is some more special haematology tests require to diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies: Hb EPG test can be measured by electrophoresis of globin. Different methods likely as gel and membrane based to high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Unusual group separate as of normal HbA, HbF and also HbA2 can be detected.that dose mean provides some information about HbA2, and recognize some other Hb if available for example HbE and HbS. HbA2 test is detected by globin electrophoresis and quantity the HbA2. And difference methods are used as a membrane, also the more use in the world is HPLC. That does mean the increased HbA2 shows the incident of beta- thalassaemia. It dose shows that the alternative haemoglobins could be increased the HbA2. Also unusual raised the HbA2 shows the mild beta thalassaemia, the low HbA2 delta thalassaemia. HbF test detected by globin electrophoresis, and determine by deference technique. The normal value in of HbF adult is lower than 1%, if the HbF slightly increased to 2 or 3% that indicates the mild beta- thalassaemia. If HbF elevated to more than 5% are likely to be delta-beta thalassaemia in this case the level of HbA2 decreased. (Angela. H 2005) Kleihauer test is staining the red cell to diagnosis the HbF. This test uses for separate the hetrocellular from pancellular. This test is unusual for differentiation the type of hereditary persistence of Hbf because they are not often available and difficult for laboratory staff to translate the results. This test useful only in foetal blood sample to detect that the HbF passed from the fetes to the motherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s blood circulation. (Liu. W et al 2007) HbH inclusion test carry out by stain the red blood cells to identification of HbH inclusion, deposition of beta globin chain. This test used to detection of alpha-thalassaemia. This test causes problem due to false negative. Need a lot of knowledge and skill of laboratorian to detect HbH inclusion and with two gene deleted alpha-thalasaemia, only very HbH little inclusion can be detected. Therefore the laboratorian may miss it if do not have good experience. Must the person who is work in the laboratory must continuously look at the microscope. (Chan. A 1996) Sickle solubility and stability test, there many different type of test performed to detected the HbS or unstable variation of HbS. There are interactions between the HbS with beta thalassaemia, hence the correct test for sickling test are require for haenoglobinopathy. (Baebara J 2004) RBC count can be used for detection of thalassaimia and haemoglobinopathies while the red cells count is normal or increased. Also it is helpful if hypochromic, microcytic observed. The Red cell Distribution Width (RDW) is a numerical value that represents the coefficient of variation of the red cell volume distribution. This value indicates the variation in red cell size (anisocytosis). Anisocytosis is an abnormally of red cell size variation that is apparent on the blood smear, is the anisocytosis is increased that is indicated the beta and alpha thalassaemia as it is seen before the haemoglobin decreased and MCV and MCH reduced. Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) it is the other parameter is the concentration in g/L of haemoglobin in the RBC, But It is infrequently measured. If the MCHC reduced that is shows the hypochromic with any other causes microcytosis that is indicates the thalassaemia. Haemoglobin electrophoresis for diagnosis of CSD Diagnosis SCD can be performed by the haemoglobin electrophoresis. Simple and accurate method for diagnosis of SCD due to in can detect the Hbs, but the EP is reliable to identify the phenotype. Sickle cell test the sodium metabisulphite used for remove the agent leads to precipitate in the buffer solution to formation the cloudy suspension. This test is not useful neonatal period because of lack HbS and presence high amount of HbF which has high solubility and may generate false negative result. Sickle cell test can be used after six month of age becouse the level of HbF dropped down. For distinguish the phenotype should relying on the haemoglobin electrophoresis. Separation of molecule in this test rely on the charge at add pH. H Methods: There same key words have been used to find the journals which are related to finding the information for the topic of the project. The key words including (haemoglobinopathies, Thalassaemia (beta or alpha), Sickle cell disease, treatment of haemoglobinopathies and diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies). Treatment for thalassaemia More than 90% of the patient with thalassaemia needs to be treated by regular blood transfusion to regulate the anaemia and its side effects, transfusion therapy increase the life span of patient with quality of life. Infants who are sufficient treated by blood transfusion growth well. However the transfusion therapy causes increased the amount of iron in the organ, iron overload is fatal if untreated causes organ damage, late sexual growth, and osteoporosis. Most individuals with beta-thalassaemia major can be survive for longer with blood transfusion therapy but increasing the damaging levels of iron overload if the patient not be treated with iron chelation therapy. Increased the level of iron from blood transfusions therapy leading to destruction the macrophages and then follow that damaging the liver and later on spreads to the heart tissue, pancreas, and also the iron overload effected on the same of glands such as pituitary, thyroid and parathyroid glands, the levels of iron must be controlled by chelating treatment. Due to the blood transfusion are usually started at the beginning in life, excess of iron effects on the endocrine system can causes unusual growth and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Cardiac disease is the most causes of death among the patient with beta-thalassaemia major. Iron overload causes reduce the myocardial T2 vales is detected by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, is prevalence in the patient with beta-thal lassaemia. (Kirk P et al 2011) Iron chelating therapy supports the patient with increased the level of iron from the accumulation the toxic iron and reduce the amount of iron that harmful for tissue and many organs. Iron chelating initially used by the end of the 1970s, it is not a curative for the patient with beta-thalasaemia major but it can reduce the number of death because of this disease. The patient with this has some side effects which are related to excess iron such as diabetes, hypogonadism, and hyper thyroidism, (Rugolotto S et al 2004) The main purpose of using the iron chelation is sustain the balance of amount of iron at the safe stage in the organ tissue and stop accumulating of iron inside the organ. To reduce the level of iron in body, there are deference ways to rescue the human body from iron overload. Venesection is procedure, part of treatment. Used to withdraw large amount of blood a through the vein and discarded, use for treatment of iron overload also is known by phlebotomy used for elimination of iron in the blood circulation, removes 200-250mg iron from unit of blood. Also the iron chelating can help the patient to reduces the level of iron, iron chelation with deferoxamine causes the damaging of tissue and ultimately causes death, the resent study explore that the cardiac disease is causes death in more than 70% of patient who are treated with deferoxamine. The new oral chelater was started in 1995; oral chelater with deferiprone became very useful treatment in the clinical therapy. The prospective non randomized clinical test proved that the mortality because of the cardiac disease decreased in patient treated with deferiprone, combine and sequential the deferiprone with deferoxamine. (Aurelio. M et al 2009) The diagnosis laboratory performed the experiment on 265 patients in one of the Italia laboratory from year 2000 to 2008, 124 patients treated deferoxamine and 11 patient was death, and 55 patients treated with deferiprone none of them death, 68 patients treated with sequential deferiprone and deferoxamine only one patient death and 18 patients treated with combine deferiprone and deferoxamine none of them death. This trial give clue the best treatment for iron chelating is deferoxamine or combination between deferiprone and deferoxamine. Figure 6: trial profile 265 patient treated with iron chelater.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Two

Catelyn Catelyn had never liked this godswood. She had been born a Tully, at Riverrun far to the south, on the Red Fork of the Trident. The godswood there was a garden, bright and airy, where tall redwoods spread dappled shadows across tinkling streams, birds sang from hidden nests, and the air was spicy with the scent of flowers. The gods of Winterfell kept a different sort of wood. It was a dark, primal place, three acres of old forest untouched for ten thousand years as the gloomy castle rose around it. It smelled of moist earth and decay. No redwoods grew here. This was a wood of stubborn sentinel trees armored in grey-green needles, of mighty oaks, of ironwoods as old as the realm itself. Here thick black trunks crowded close together while twisted branches wove a dense canopy overhead and misshappen roots wrestled beneath the soil. This was a place of deep silence and brooding shadows, and the gods who lived here had no names. But she knew she would find her husband here tonight. Whenever he took a man's life, afterward he would seek the quiet of the godswood. Catelyn had been anointed with the seven oils and named in the rainbow of light that filled the sept of Riverrun. She was of the Faith, like her father and grandfather and his father before him. Her gods had names, and their faces were as familiar as the faces of her parents. Worship was a septon with a censer, the smell of incense, a seven-sided crystal alive with light, voices raised in song. The Tullys kept a godswood, as all the great houses did, but it was only a place to walk or read or lie in the sun. Worship was for the sept. For her sake, Ned had built a small sept where she might sing to the seven faces of god, but the blood of the First Men still flowed in the veins of the Starks, and his own gods were the old ones, the nameless, faceless gods of the greenwood they shared with the vanished children of the forest. At the center of the grove an ancient weirwood brooded over a small pool where the waters were black and cold. â€Å"The heart tree,† Ned called it. The weirwood's bark was white as bone, its leaves dark red, like a thousand bloodstained hands. A face had been carved in the trunk of the great tree, its features long and melancholy, the deep-cut eyes red with dried sap and strangely watchful. They were old, those eyes; older than Winterfell itself. They had seen Brandon the Builder set the first stone, if the tales were true; they had watched the castle's granite walls rise around them. It was said that the children of the forest had carved the faces in the trees during the dawn centuries before the coming of the First Men across the narrow sea. In the south the last weirwoods had been cut down or burned out a thousand years ago, except on the Isle of Faces where the green men kept their silent watch. Up here it was different. Here every castle had its godswood, and every godswood had its heart tree, and every heart tree its face. Catelyn found her husband beneath the weirwood, seated on a moss-covered stone. The greatsword Ice was across his lap, and he was cleaning the blade in those waters black as night. A thousand years of humus lay thick upon the godswood floor, swallowing the sound of her feet, but the red eyes of the weirwood seemed to follow her as she came. â€Å"Ned,† she called softly. He lifted his head to look at her. â€Å"Catelyn,† he said. His voice was distant and formal. â€Å"Where are the children?† He would always ask her that. â€Å"In the kitchen, arguing about names for the wolf pups.† She spread her cloak on the forest floor and sat beside the pool, her back to the weirwood. She could feel the eyes watching her, but she did her best to ignore them. â€Å"Arya is already in love, and Sansa is charmed and gracious, but Rickon is not quite sure.† â€Å"Is he afraid?† Ned asked. â€Å"A little,† she admitted. â€Å"He is only three.† Ned frowned. â€Å"He must learn to face his fears. He will not be three forever. And winter is coming.† â€Å"Yes,† Catelyn agreed. The words gave her a chill, as they always did. The Stark words. Every noble house had its words. Family mottoes, touchstones, prayers of sorts, they boasted of honor and glory, promised loyalty and truth, swore faith and courage. All but the Starks. Winter is coming, said the Stark words. Not for the first time, she reflected on what a strange people these northerners were. â€Å"The man died well, I'll give him that,† Ned said. He had a swatch of oiled leather in one hand. He ran it lightly up the greatsword as he spoke, polishing the metal to a dark glow. â€Å"I was glad for Bran's sake. You would have been proud of Bran.† â€Å"I am always proud of Bran,† Catelyn replied, watching the sword as he stroked it. She could see the rippling deep within the steel, where the metal had been folded back on itself a hundred times in the forging. Catelyn had no love for swords, but she could not deny that Ice had its own beauty. It had been forged in Valyria, before the Doom had come to the old Freehold, when the ironsmiths had worked their metal with spells as well as hammers. Four hundred years old it was, and as sharp as the day it was forged. The name it bore was older still, a legacy from the age of heroes, when the Starks were Kings in the North. â€Å"He was the fourth this year,† Ned said grimly. â€Å"The poor man was half-mad. Something had put a fear in him so deep that my words could not reach him.† He sighed. â€Å"Ben writes that the strength of the Night's Watch is down below a thousand. It's not only desertions. They are losing men on rangings as well.† â€Å"Is it the wildlings?† she asked. â€Å"Who else?† Ned lifted Ice, looked down the cool steel length of it. â€Å"And it will only grow worse. The day may come when I will have no choice but to call the banners and ride north to deal with this King-beyond-the-Wall for good and all.† â€Å"Beyond the Wall?† The thought made Catelyn shudder. Ned saw the dread on her face. â€Å"Mance Rayder is nothing for us to fear.† â€Å"There are darker things beyond the Wall.† She glanced behind her at the heart tree, the pale bark and red eyes, watching, listening, thinking its long slow thoughts. His smile was gentle. â€Å"You listen to too many of Old Nan's stories. The Others are as dead as the children of the forest, gone eight thousand years. Maester Luwin will tell you they never lived at all. No living man has ever seen one.† â€Å"Until this morning, no living man had ever seen a direwolf either,† Catelyn reminded him. â€Å"I ought to know better than to argue with a Tully,† he said with a rueful smile. He slid Ice back into its sheath. â€Å"You did not come here to tell me crib tales. I know how little you like this place. What is it, my lady?† Catelyn took her husband's hand. â€Å"There was grievous news today, my lord. I did not wish to trouble you until you had cleansed yourself.† There was no way to soften the blow, so she told him straight. â€Å"I am so sorry, my love. Jon Arryn is dead.† His eyes found hers, and she could see how hard it took him, as she had known it would. In his youth, Ned had fostered at the Eyrie, and the childless Lord Arryn had become a second father to him and his fellow ward, Robert Baratheon. When the Mad King Aerys II Targaryen had demanded their heads, the Lord of the Eyrie had raised his moon-and-falcon banners in revolt rather than give up those he had pledged to protect. And one day fifteen years ago, this second father had become a brother as well, as he and Ned stood together in the sept at Riverrun to wed two sisters, the daughters of Lord Hoster Tully. â€Å"Jon . . . † he said. â€Å"Is this news certain?† â€Å"It was the king's seal, and the letter is in Robert's own hand. I saved it for you. He said Lord Arryn was taken quickly. Even Maester Pycelle was helpless, but he brought the milk of the poppy, so Jon did not linger long in pain.† â€Å"That is some small mercy, I suppose,† he said. She could see the grief on his face, but even then he thought first of her. â€Å"Your sister,† he said. â€Å"And Jon's boy. What word of them?† â€Å"The message said only that they were well, and had returned to the Eyrie,† Catelyn said. â€Å"I wish they had gone to Riverrun instead. The Eyrie is high and lonely, and it was ever her husband's place, not hers. Lord Jon's memory will haunt each stone. I know my sister. She needs the comfort of family and friends around her.† â€Å"Your uncle waits in the Vale, does he not? Jon named him Knight of the Gate, I'd heard.† Catelyn nodded. â€Å"Brynden will do what he can for her, and for the boy. That is some comfort, but still . . . â€Å" â€Å"Go to her,† Ned urged. â€Å"Take the children. Fill her halls with noise and shouts and laughter. That boy of hers needs other children about him, and Lysa should not be alone in her grief.† â€Å"Would that I could,† Catelyn said. â€Å"The letter had other tidings. The king is riding to Winterfell to seek you out.† It took Ned a moment to comprehend her words, but when the understanding came, the darkness left his eyes. â€Å"Robert is coming here?† When she nodded, a smile broke across his face. Catelyn wished she could share his joy. But she had heard the talk in the yards; a direwolf dead in the snow, a broken antler in its throat. Dread coiled within her like a snake, but she forced herself to smile at this man she loved, this man who put no faith in signs. â€Å"I knew that would please you,† she said. â€Å"We should send word to your brother on the Wall.† â€Å"Yes, of course,† he agreed. â€Å"Ben will want to be here. I shall tell Maester Luwin to send his swiftest bird.† Ned rose and pulled her to her feet. â€Å"Damnation, how many years has it been? And he gives us no more notice than this? How many in his party, did the message say?† â€Å"I should think a hundred knights, at the least, with all their retainers, and half again as many freeriders. Cersei and the children travel with them.† â€Å"Robert will keep an easy pace for their sakes,† he said. â€Å"It is just as well. That will give us more time to prepare.† â€Å"The queen's brothers are also in the party,† she told him. Ned grimaced at that. There was small love between him and the queen's family, Catelyn knew. The Lannisters of Casterly Rock had come late to Robert's cause, when victory was all but certain, and he had never forgiven them. â€Å"Well, if the price for Robert's company is an infestation of Lannisters, so be it. It sounds as though Robert is bringing half his court.† â€Å"Where the king goes, the realm follows,† she said. â€Å"It will be good to see the children. The youngest was still sucking at the Lannister woman's teat the last time I saw him. He must be, what, five by now?† â€Å"Prince Tommen is seven,† she told him. â€Å"The same age as Bran. Please, Ned, guard your tongue. The Lannister woman is our queen, and her pride is said to grow with every passing year.† Ned squeezed her hand. â€Å"There must be a feast, of course, with singers, and Robert will want to hunt. I shall send Jory south with an honor guard to meet them on the kingsroad and escort them back. Gods, how are we going to feed them all? On his way already, you said? Damn the man. Damn his royal hide.†

Who Is A Peer Leader - 1362 Words

1. What do you think a peer leader does? What kind of qualities should a peer leader have? A peer leader should provide support, encouragement, and information to incoming ninth graders because they have their own experiences to use a guided framework. Because of the peer leader’s experience in the school, they could give advice on classwork, homework, how to interact and reach out to teacher, and other social issues. Overall, a peer leader should make a meaningful impact on ninth graders. A peer leader should be readily accessible to their peers whether if it was through facebook, email, or texting. A peer leader should also be honest and be empathetic towards the ninth graders. Also, a peer leader should be an outgoing individual as well. Furthermore, a peer leader should have a genuine desire to want to help the ninth graders, not for selfish motives such as an extracurricular to put on their college application. 2. Why are you interested in being a peer leader? 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